Tenses

Simple present Tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang dilakukan secara berulang-ulang ataupun perbuatan yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan.

1.      Kalimat verbal ( kalimat yang berpredikat kata kerja )

Positive                       = S + V1 + S/ES + O/K

Negative                      = S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1 + O/K

Interrogative               = DO/DOES + S + V1 + O/K ?

Wh-question                = WH-QUESTION +DO/DOES + S + V1 +O/K ?

Keterangan:

a.       Untuk membuat kalimat positif, jika subjek : I ,we,you atau they, maka bentuk kata kerja yang digunkan adalah V1, jika subjek, he,she,it maka bentuk kata kerja yang digunkan adalah V1 + S/ES.

b.      Untuk kalimat negative menggunkan kata kerja do/does + not + v1 dengan spesifikasnyai :

do not + V1  jika subjek : I,you,we,they,

does not + V1 jika subjeknya he she it.

c.       Untuk membuat kata Tanya letakkan do/does di awal kalimat, ingat kata yang digunkan selalu berbentuk V1

d.      Untuk membuat wh-question kita menambahkan kata Tanya diawal kalimat dan membuang unsure yang ditanyakan dalam kalimat tersebut.

Pengecualian:

Kata Tanya what dan who jika digunkan untuk menyakan unsure subjek maka tidak perlu menggunakan kata kerja bantu do/does.

Example:

a.       Positive                   = They work in the garden everday

Negative                 =They do not work in the garden everday

Interrogative           = Do they work in the garden everyday ? yes,they do/ no,they do not.

Wh-question           = where do they work everyday ? they work in the garden everday.

b.      Positive                   = he cultivates the rice field every morning

Negative                 = he does not cultivate the rice field evey morning

Interrogative           = does he cultivate the rice field every morning ? yes,he does / no, he does not.

Wh- question          = when does he cultivate the rice field ? he cultivates the rice field in the morning. 

2.      Kalimat Nominal ( kalimat yanbg berpredikat kata benda,kata sifat,atau kata keterangan )

Positive                       = S + is/am/are + Noun /adjective/adverb.

Negative                      = S + is+am+are not + Noun/adjective/adverb

Interrogative               = is/am/are + S + Noun/adverb/adjective ?

Wh-question                = Wh + is /am/are + noun/adjective/adverb ?

Example:

1.      Positive           = I am a student

Negative          = I am not a student

Interrogative    = am I a student ? yes, you are/no you are not.

Wh-question    = what Am I ?

2.      Positive           =you are clever

Negative          =you are not clever

Interrogative   =are you clever ? yes,I am/no.I am not.

Wh-question    =how are you ?

Keterangan waktu yang digunakan:

Everyday,ever week,every month, every year,always,usually,often,sometimes,never,on Sunday,in june,on

Simple Past Tense

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang terjadi atau dilakukan di masa lampau yang disebutkan waktu kejadian secara jelas.

1.      Kalimat verbal ( kalimat yang berpredikat kata kerja )

Rumus :

Positive                   =  S + V2 +O/K

Negative                 =S + Did not +  V1 +O/K

Interrogative           =Did  + S + V1 +O/K ?

Wh-question           =wh-Did + S + V1 +O/K ?

Ketentuan:

a.       Pada kalimat positive semua subjek menggunkan V2

b.      Kata kerja bantu yg digunakan untuk membuat kalimat negative,interrogative dan wh-question adalah Did dan selalu diikuti V1

Example :

1.      Positive                   =I worked in semarang last year

Negative                 =I did not work in semarang last year

Interrogative           =Did I work in semarang last year ? yes, you did /no, you did not.

Wh-question           =where did I work last year ? you worked in semarang last year

2.      Positive                   =he went to bali last week

Negative                 =he did  not go to bali last week

Interrogative           =did he go to bali last week ? yes. He did/no, he did not

Wh-question           =when did he go to bali  ? he go to bali last week

2.kalimat Nominal (kalimat yang berpredikat kata benda,kata sifat atau kata keterangan )

Rumus :

Positive         = S + Was/Were + Noun/Adverb/adjective

Negative       = S +Was/were + Not + noun/adverb/adjective

Interrogative =Was/Were + S  + noun/adverb/adjective ?

Wh-question =Wh + Was/were + S + noun/adveb/adjective ?

Example :

1.      Positive                     =I was a teacher ten year ago

Negative                   = I was not a teacher ten year ago

Interrogative             = were you a teacher ten years ago ? yes, I was,/no,I was not

Wh-question             =what are you ten years ago ? I was a teacher ten year ago

Keterangan:

Subjek: I ,he,she, it diikuti to be was

Subjek we ,you,they diikuti were

Keterangan waktu yang digunakan yesterday, ….ago,last….,just now

Contoh texts

Narrative

Communicative Purpose

To tell a story about something or someone

To  amuse or entertain the readers or listeners

Text Organization

Orientation    

Sets the scene (where and when the story happen) and introduce the participants of the story (who and what is involved in the story )

Complication

Tells the beginning of the problem which leads to the crisis (climac) of the main participants.

Resolution

Provides solution to the problem either in a happy ending or in sad (tragic) ending.

Re-orientation

(optional) gives a closing remark to the story. It consists of a moral lesson or advice.

Example of Narrative Texts

Short stories, folk tales,legend,myths,fables,novels,cartoon strips,picture books,                      

Language Featutes

Past tense,e.g. the lion woke up and grabbed the mouse in his sharp claws.

Nouns,  lions, mouse, hunter, etc,

Pronouns, it, you,he .etc.

Noun pharases, sleeping lion,the grateful mouse, a strong net,,,etc.

Time connective and conjunctions, one day,some time,then, a long time ago,when, first,finally,,

Adjective, small, helpess, etc..

Adverbs. Sadly,angrily,..

Adverbial pharases of time and place..,a few days ago, in the forest,etc,,

Material processes ( action verb) grabbed,ran,arrived,ate,went,,,,

Verbal processes ( saying verbs) asked,said,told,,,

Thinking verbs,feeling verbs,verbs of sense , the lion felt hungry , the mouse thought he was clever, the hunter smelt something burning.

Direct speech. Please don’t eat me”begged the mouse.

Indirect speech., the mouse begged the lion not to eat him.

Contoh Narrative Texts 1

Cinderella

Once upon a time there was a beautifull girl called Cinderella .she lived with her stepsisters and stepmother. They were very bossy.she had to do all the homework.

One day an invation to the ball come to the family. Her stepsister  did not let her go.cinderella was very sad. The stepsister went  to the ball without her.

Fortunately, the fairy godmother came and helped her to get to the ball. At the ball, Cinderella danced with the prince. The prince fell in love with her and then he married her.they lived happily ever after.

                                                             Contoh Narrative Texts 2

Girl in the mirror

One day I wast at a party when somebody dared me to got into the bedroom in the basement,

Turn off the lights, and close the door. I had stayed there for five minutes, after about a minute, the lights started

Flicker on and off. I was sure it was one of my friends playing a trick on me. About the third time the lights flickered ,

 I noticed a beautiful girl in the mirror and her hand was reaching toward me. I heard a voice but I had a hard

Time to understand. I finally realized that the girl was uttering “ bewere , he’s coming “ I felt a tap on my back

And all of a sudden, she was gone .I ran out screaming and my friend made fun of me.

The next night when my family was asleep, it rained so heavily and my cat, rosie was dead.

Recount Text

Communicative purpose

To reconstruct past experience by retelling events in the order in which they have occurred.

Text Organization

Orientation

Introduces who were involved in the story.when and when the story happened.

Events

Tell what happened in a choronological order

Evalution

Gives comments of the writer or speaker about the experience.

Re-orientation

(optional) provides the conclusion of the experience.

Example of Recount Texts

Incident report, newspaper reports, police report,article,letters,journals,historical accounts,diary,

Language Features

Nouns,,man,journey,town,etc

Pronouns,,it, he, him, his etc,,

Action verbs,,wanted, decided,ate,etc,,

Past tense,,a rich man wanted to make a journey to another town

Time conjuction,,before, finally,,etc

Adverbs,,quickly,,cheerfully.,,

Adverbs of phrases,,a few

Adjectives,, old , clever,light,heavy,etc,,

Contoh Recount Texts

The Clever Servant

This is an old story. It was first told long ago. A rich man wanted to make a journey to another town. He was a businessman. He wanted to take things to sell. He also wanted to take gold to buy things with. He decided to take ten servants with him. They would carry the things to sell and the gold and also food to eat on the journey.

He was a kind man. He said to one of his servants “you are the smallest ,the thinnest and the weakest of all my servants. You can not carry a heavy load. You must choose the lightest load to carry.’

The servants thanked his master for his kindness. He pointed to the biggest load. This was bread to eat on the journey.

His master said,”you are foolish. That is the biggest and heaviest load.”but the servant picked up the load cheerfully and the journey began. They walked for four hours. Then they stopped for a rest. They all ate some of the bread. There was less bread for the servants to carry. The servant’s load grew smaller and lighter  every day. At the end of the journey, the servants had nothing to carry.

Spoof Text

Communicative purpose

To tell an event with a humorous twist.

Text organization

Orientation

Presents the background information of the story (who,when and where)

Events

Tells a series of events that took place in a choronological order.

Twist

Ends the story with an unexpected ending.

Examples of spoof texts

Short stories

Language Features

Simple past tense,they often spent time together

Pronouns,,he , her,him. etc

Adjective,,younger,older,,

Adverbs,often,eventually,etc,,

Action verbs,,spent,washed,etc,,

Time connectors,,months later,when they got married,etc,,

Sequence connectors,first,finally,etc,,

Contoh spoof texts 1

New Baby

A woman is sitting at home entertaining her parenst who have come around to congratulate her on birth of their first grandchild .

“so, when can we see theb baby ? asks the grandmother. In a little while ‘ replies the mother.

Some time passes. The grandparents are looking quite anxious at this point,.

“ so when we can see the baby ? asks the grandmother .

When the baby starts crying “replies the mother .

The grandparents turn to look at each other, a little perplexed and ask “ why do we have to wait until she starts crying ? the mother snaps back,” because I put her down somewhere this morning and I can’t remember where she is’.

Contoh Spoof Texts 2

Magic Mirror

So there are three girl : an ugly redhead, a fat brunette, and a dumb blonde.

The three girl are at a historical inn. They stop to take a tour. The innkeeper showed them a mirror. He said that if you tell a lie in front of, you disappear.

The ugly redhead goes up to the mirror and says “ I think I’m pretty” and POOF!  She disappear.

Thyen the fat brunette goes up to the mirror and says “ I think I’m slim” And POOF! She was gone too.the dumb blonde goes up to the mirror and says” I think” and POOF! She was gone.

News item

Communicative purpose

To inform the readres or listeners of the detail of events,accidents or incidents that have happened.

Text Organization

Newsworthy event

Provides the place where the events took place.it also gives information on who,when and the actual location of the events.  

Background events

Tell the events that took place in chronological orgeder.they usually contain general commants on the events and quotes from people involved in the events.

Sources

Signal the end of the events. They usually include comments from the public like the witness, the police or the experts.

Example of news item texts

Informative articles

Language Features

Action verbs,,record,raise,infect,

Adjectives,,fatal,strained,,

Connectors,,after,before, etc,

Pronouns,it,they,etc,,

Adverbs,,slowly,immensely,,etc,,

Present tense,,indonesia has recorded another human case of the H5N1 strain of bird flu,etc,,

Past tense,,the indonesia health ministry had reported that a 16 yesr old girl from west java province has been hospitalized since jan. 4 with symptoms of the disease.

The use of the journalist’s 5 W’s (what,where,when,who,why,)

Contoh news item

UN: Indonesia record  human case of bird flu

Ganeva (AP) : Indonesia has recorded another human case of the H5N1 dtarin of bird  flu,raising its world-leading total to 117 cases.according to the world health organization.

          The agency said Friday night that the Indonesia health ministry had reported that a 16- year –old girl from  west jave province has been hospitalized since jan. 4 with symptoms of the disease. It said the strain had been confirmed as H5N1 .

            Of the total number of human case in Indonesia, 94 have been fatal. WHO says that globally 349 people have been infected with H5N1 since the 2003 outbreak of the disease. Of those, 216 have died.

            After Indonesia the country with the next highes number of cases is Vietnam with 101, followed by Egypt with 43,according to the U.N health agency.

(adapted from the Jakarta post, January 15, 2008)